https://0a92e423.colliand.pages.dev/tag/nlp/nlpWowchemy (https://wowchemy.com)en-us© 2026 James CollianderFri, 03 Jun 2016 19:11:25 +0000https://0a92e423.colliand.pages.dev/media/icon_hud40f89a7a92de510cc371f83445dc1ca_205872_512x512_fill_lanczos_center_2.pnghttps://0a92e423.colliand.pages.dev/tag/nlp/https://0a92e423.colliand.pages.dev/post/artificial-intelligence-as-a-service-text-analysis/Fri, 03 Jun 2016 19:11:25 +0000https://0a92e423.colliand.pages.dev/post/artificial-intelligence-as-a-service-text-analysis/<p>The computing infrastructure as a service offered by <a href="https://aws.amazon.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Amazon Web Services (AWS)</a> may have originally been conceived as a resource to support their own electronic commerce business but other striking applications emerged. <a href="https://www.netflix.com/ca/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Netflix</a> toppled Blockbuster and transformed the way we consume video <a href="https://aws.amazon.com/solutions/case-studies/netflix/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">atop the AWS infrastructure</a>. <a href="http://dropbox.com" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Dropbox</a> changed the way we store and share digital resources <a href="https://blogs.dropbox.com/tech/2014/12/aws-reinvent-2014/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">by building on AWS</a>. My company <a href="http://crodwmark" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Crowdmark</a> leverages AWS to store and serve images of student work for evaluation by graders and further analysis. Recently, the <a href="https://cloud.google.com/vision/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Google Cloud Vision API</a>, the <a href="http://www.ibm.com/smarterplanet/us/en/ibmwatson/developercloud/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">IBM Watson Developer Cloud</a> and the <a href="http://www.receptiviti.ai/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Receptiviti.ai API</a> started offering artificial intelligence as a service available for purchase like a utility. These resources may form the foundation for a new era of technological metamorphosis.</p> <h2 id="experimenting-with-text-analysis">Experimenting with Text Analysis</h2> <p>I wondered whether text analysis might generate useful insights for Crowdmark or other applications so I performed some experiments. I ran the texts from inaugural addresses by four presidents of the United States through some text analysis tools I found online. The <a href="https://console.ng.bluemix.net/catalog/services/tone-analyzer" target="_blank" rel="noopener">IBM Watson Tone Analyzer</a> uses &ldquo;cognitive linguistic analysis methods&rdquo; to measure the emotional tone in text. The <a href="http://liwc.wpengine.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Linguistic Inventory Word Count (LIWC)</a> is a computer text analysis tool developed and psychometrically validated by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_W._Pennebaker" target="_blank" rel="noopener">James Pennebaker</a>. <a href="http://www.receptiviti.ai/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Receptiviti.ai</a> is a Toronto-based startup that offers text analysis as a service based on LIWC and other technology.</p> <p><strong>The texts</strong></p> <ul> <li><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hpPt7xGx4Xo" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><i class="fa fa-youtube"></i></a> <a href="http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=43130" target="_blank" rel="noopener">January 20, 1981 Inaugural Address of President Ronald Reagan</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2SWjIPwm954" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><i class="fa fa-youtube"></i></a> <a href="http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=46366" target="_blank" rel="noopener">January 20, 1993 Inaugural Address of President Bill Clinton</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BLmiOEk59n8" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><i class="fa fa-youtube"></i></a> <a href="http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=8032" target="_blank" rel="noopener">January 20, 1961 Inaugural Address of President John Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SwenOlpbvTA" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><i class="fa fa-youtube"></i></a> <a href="http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=10856" target="_blank" rel="noopener">January 21, 1957 Inaugural Address of President Dwight Eisenhower</a></li> </ul> <p><strong>The tools</strong></p> <ul> <li><a href="https://tone-analyzer-demo.mybluemix.net/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">IBM Watson Tone Analyzer</a></li> <li><a href="http://liwc.wpengine.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">LIWC</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.receptiviti.ai/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Receptiviti.ai</a></li> </ul> <p>Screen captures of the results appear below.</p> <h2 id="conclusion">Conclusion</h2> <p>The IBM Watson Tone Analyzer results are exposed within an intuitive and interactive user interface. The results do not correspond well with my own emotional response reviewing the videos or reading these speeches. Based on these experiments, I am not convinced that Tone Analyzer will generate useful insights into the emotional characteristics of text. Based on what I observed, there appear to be too few dimensions of emotional tone generated by Tone Analyzer for it to drive improvements to the dialogue between instructors and students. There may be a rich superset of output measurements not exposed in this free demonstration.</p> <p>The LIWC results exposed through this free sample analysis are a small collection of the <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170606124320/http://liwc.wpengine.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/LIWC2015_OperatorManual.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">many dimensions measured by LIWC</a>. It is not easy to glean insights into the speaker&rsquo;s personality or their emotional tone based on the reports externalized in this free demo.</p> <p>Short text descriptions of personality traits of the speaker emerged in the results from Receptiviti.ai. I found the text descriptions interesting but with limited precision in describing the speakers. I&rsquo;m curious to know whether the personality decription accuracy increases with larger text samples from the same speaker.</p> <p>Files of various types (text, images) may now be sent to increasingly sophisticated online analysis engines poised and ready to extract data and return insights to the sender. What will your robot assistant read for you tomorrow?</p> <hr> <h2 id="experiments-with-ibm-watson-tone-analyzer">Experiments with IBM Watson Tone Analyzer</h2> <p><a href="https://tone-analyzer-demo.mybluemix.net/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">IBM Watson Tone Analyzer</a></p> <h3 id="reagan-experiment">Reagan Experiment</h3> <p>As a first experiment, I copied the text from the <a href="http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=43130" target="_blank" rel="noopener">January 20, 1981 Inaugural Address of President Ronald Reagan</a> (<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hpPt7xGx4Xo" target="_blank" rel="noopener">video</a>) and pasted it into the <a href="https://tone-analyzer-demo.mybluemix.net/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">IBM Watson Tone Analyzer</a>. Here are the overview results:</p> <p> <figure > <div class="d-flex justify-content-center"> <div class="w-100" ><img src="https://wwejubwfy.s3.amazonaws.com/Tone_Analyzer-2016-03-03-19-10-00.jpg" alt="reagan" loading="lazy" data-zoomable /></div> </div></figure> </p> <p>Moving the mouse over portions of the text reveals the results of tonal analysis of the highlighted paragraph.</p> <p> <figure > <div class="d-flex justify-content-center"> <div class="w-100" ><img src="https://wwejubwfy.s3.amazonaws.com/Screen_Shot_2016-03-03_at_7.08.51_PM.png" alt="reagan paragraph" loading="lazy" data-zoomable /></div> </div></figure> </p> <p>Tonal dimensions can be highlighted and sentences can be ranked based on tonal strength. For example, here is the sentence ranked highest for <code>Disgust</code>.</p> <p> <figure > <div class="d-flex justify-content-center"> <div class="w-100" ><img src="https://wwejubwfy.s3.amazonaws.com/Tone_Analyzer-2016-03-03-19-11-11.jpg" alt="selected tone and sentence rank" loading="lazy" data-zoomable /></div> </div></figure> </p> <h3 id="clinton-experiment">Clinton Experiment</h3> <p>As a second experiment, I processed the text from the <a href="http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=46366" target="_blank" rel="noopener">January 20, 1993 Inaugural Address of President Bill Clinton</a> (<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2SWjIPwm954" target="_blank" rel="noopener">video</a>) with Tone Analyzer. Here are the overview results:</p> <p> <figure > <div class="d-flex justify-content-center"> <div class="w-100" ><img src="https://wwejubwfy.s3.amazonaws.com/Tone_Analyzer-2016-03-03-19-13-39.jpg" alt="clinton" loading="lazy" data-zoomable /></div> </div></figure> </p> <p>Tone Analyzer reports that Clinton&rsquo;s speech is most dominated by <code>Fear</code>.</p> <p> <figure > <div class="d-flex justify-content-center"> <div class="w-100" ><img src="https://wwejubwfy.s3.amazonaws.com/Tone_Analyzer-2016-03-03-19-14-53.jpg" alt="fear" loading="lazy" data-zoomable /></div> </div></figure> </p> <h3 id="kennedy-experiment">Kennedy Experiment</h3> <p>For a third experiment, I chose the text from <a href="http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=8032" target="_blank" rel="noopener">January 20, 1961 Inaugural Address of President John Kennedy</a> (<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BLmiOEk59n8" target="_blank" rel="noopener">video</a>):</p> <p> <figure > <div class="d-flex justify-content-center"> <div class="w-100" ><img src="https://wwejubwfy.s3.amazonaws.com/Tone_Analyzer-2016-03-03-19-18-40.jpg" alt="kennedy" loading="lazy" data-zoomable /></div> </div></figure> </p> <p> <figure > <div class="d-flex justify-content-center"> <div class="w-100" ><img src="https://wwejubwfy.s3.amazonaws.com/Tone_Analyzer-2016-03-03-19-20-03.jpg" alt="anger-kennedy" loading="lazy" data-zoomable /></div> </div></figure> </p> <h3 id="eisenhower-experiment">Eisenhower Experiment</h3> <p>For the final experiment, I processed the text from <a href="http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=10856" target="_blank" rel="noopener">January 21, 1957 Inaugural Address of President Dwight Eisenhower</a> (<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SwenOlpbvTA" target="_blank" rel="noopener">video</a>):</p> <p> <figure > <div class="d-flex justify-content-center"> <div class="w-100" ><img src="https://wwejubwfy.s3.amazonaws.com/Tone_Analyzer-2016-03-03-19-22-12.jpg" alt="eisenhower" loading="lazy" data-zoomable /></div> </div></figure> <figure > <div class="d-flex justify-content-center"> <div class="w-100" ><img src="https://wwejubwfy.s3.amazonaws.com/Tone_Analyzer-2016-03-03-19-23-10.jpg" alt="ike-fear" loading="lazy" data-zoomable /></div> </div></figure> </p> <h3 id="overview-comparisons-using-ibm-watson-tone-analyzer">Overview Comparisons using IBM Watson Tone Analyzer</h3> <p>Reagan 1980 <figure > <div class="d-flex justify-content-center"> <div class="w-100" ><img src="https://wwejubwfy.s3.amazonaws.com/Tone_Analyzer-2016-03-03-19-10-00.jpg" alt="reagan" loading="lazy" data-zoomable /></div> </div></figure> Clinton 1993 <figure > <div class="d-flex justify-content-center"> <div class="w-100" ><img src="https://wwejubwfy.s3.amazonaws.com/Tone_Analyzer-2016-03-03-19-13-39.jpg" alt="clinton 1993" loading="lazy" data-zoomable /></div> </div></figure> Kennedy 1961 <figure > <div class="d-flex justify-content-center"> <div class="w-100" ><img src="https://wwejubwfy.s3.amazonaws.com/Tone_Analyzer-2016-03-03-19-18-40.jpg" alt="kennedy 1961" loading="lazy" data-zoomable /></div> </div></figure> Eisenhower 1957 <figure > <div class="d-flex justify-content-center"> <div class="w-100" ><img src="https://wwejubwfy.s3.amazonaws.com/Tone_Analyzer-2016-03-03-19-22-12.jpg" alt="eisenhower 1957" loading="lazy" data-zoomable /></div> </div></figure> </p> <hr> <h2 id="experiments-with-liwc">Experiments with LIWC</h2> <p><a href="http://liwc.wpengine.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">LIWC</a></p> <ul> <li>Reagan via LIWC <figure > <div class="d-flex justify-content-center"> <div class="w-100" ><img src="https://wwejubwfy.s3.amazonaws.com/LIWC_2015_Results__LIWC-2016-03-03-23-04-41.jpg" alt="reagan-liwc" loading="lazy" data-zoomable /></div> </div></figure> </li> <li>Clinton via LIWC <figure > <div class="d-flex justify-content-center"> <div class="w-100" ><img src="https://wwejubwfy.s3.amazonaws.com/LIWC_2015_Results__LIWC-2016-03-03-23-06-27.jpg" alt="clinton-liwc" loading="lazy" data-zoomable /></div> </div></figure> </li> <li>Kennedy via LIWC <figure > <div class="d-flex justify-content-center"> <div class="w-100" ><img src="https://wwejubwfy.s3.amazonaws.com/LIWC_2015_Results__LIWC-2016-03-03-23-07-56.jpg" alt="kennedy-liwc" loading="lazy" data-zoomable /></div> </div></figure> </li> <li>Eisenhower via LIWC <figure > <div class="d-flex justify-content-center"> <div class="w-100" ><img src="https://wwejubwfy.s3.amazonaws.com/LIWC_2015_Results__LIWC-2016-03-03-23-09-11.jpg" alt="eisenhower-liwc" loading="lazy" data-zoomable /></div> </div></figure> </li> </ul> <hr> <h2 id="experiments-with-receptiviti-personality-insights">Experiments with Receptiviti Personality Insights</h2> <p><a href="http://www.receptiviti.ai/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Receptiviti.ai</a></p> <ul> <li>Reagan via Receptiviti.ai <figure > <div class="d-flex justify-content-center"> <div class="w-100" ><img src="https://wwejubwfy.s3.amazonaws.com/Receptiviti_-_Try_It_Now-2016-03-03-23-11-13.jpg" alt="reagan-receptiviti" loading="lazy" data-zoomable /></div> </div></figure> </li> <li>Clinton via Receptiviti.ai <figure > <div class="d-flex justify-content-center"> <div class="w-100" ><img src="https://wwejubwfy.s3.amazonaws.com/Receptiviti_-_Try_It_Now-2016-03-03-23-13-18.jpg" alt="clinton-receptiviti" loading="lazy" data-zoomable /></div> </div></figure> </li> <li>Kennedy via Receptiviti.ai <figure > <div class="d-flex justify-content-center"> <div class="w-100" ><img src="https://wwejubwfy.s3.amazonaws.com/Receptiviti_-_Try_It_Now-2016-03-03-23-14-43.jpg" alt="kennedy-receptiviti" loading="lazy" data-zoomable /></div> </div></figure> </li> <li>Eisenhower via Receptiviti.ai <figure > <div class="d-flex justify-content-center"> <div class="w-100" ><img src="https://wwejubwfy.s3.amazonaws.com/Receptiviti_-_Try_It_Now-2016-03-03-23-16-06.jpg" alt="eisenhower-receptiviti" loading="lazy" data-zoomable /></div> </div></figure> </li> </ul>https://0a92e423.colliand.pages.dev/post/academic-trendiness-at-aaas/Tue, 14 Feb 2012 19:37:12 +0000https://0a92e423.colliand.pages.dev/post/academic-trendiness-at-aaas/<p>The <a href="http://www.aaas.org/">American Association for the Advancement of Science</a> is gathering for their <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120202034307/http://www.aaas.org:80/meetings/2012/">Annual Meeting for 2012</a>. One way to measure academic trendiness is to look at search frequencies of keywords using the search tool for the AAAS conference.</p> <p>&ldquo;Basic Research&rdquo; shows up 18 times; &ldquo;Applied Research&rdquo; shows up 93 times.</p> <p>&ldquo;Africa&rdquo; appears as frequently as &ldquo;mathematics&rdquo; and both appear less frequently than &ldquo;warming&rdquo; and &ldquo;online&rdquo;.</p> <p>&ldquo;NSERC&rdquo; appears as frequently as &ldquo;Wellcome&rdquo; and nearly 10 times less frequently than &ldquo;NSF&rdquo;.</p> <p>The key words &ldquo;environment&rdquo;, &ldquo;university&rdquo; and &ldquo;engineering&rdquo; appear often. &ldquo;Toronto&rdquo; appears more frequently than &ldquo;Alberta&rdquo; and &ldquo;Ontario&rdquo; combined.</p> <p> </p> <ul> <li>"Alberta" search results: (17) <a href="http://aaas.confex.com/aaas/2012/webprogram/start.html#srch=words|ontario|method|and|pge|1">http://aaas.confex.com/aaas/2012/webprogram/start.html#srch=words|ontario|method|and|pge|1</a></li> <li>"Africa" search results: (36)<a href="http://aaas.confex.com/aaas/2012/webprogram/start.html#srch=words|Africa|method|and|pge|1"> http://aaas.confex.com/aaas/2012/webprogram/start.html#srch=words|Africa|method|and|pge|1</a></li> <li>"anthropology" search results: (12)<a href="http://aaas.confex.com/aaas/2012/webprogram/start.html#srch=words|anthropology|method|and|pge|1"> http://aaas.confex.com/aaas/2012/webprogram/start.html#srch=words|anthropology|method|and|pge|1</a></li> <li>"applied research" search results: (93) <a href="http://aaas.confex.com/aaas/2012/webprogram/start.html#srch=words|%22applied%20research%22|method|and|pge|1">http://aaas.confex.com/aaas/2012/webprogram/start.html#srch=words|%22applied%20research%22|method|and|pge|1</a></li> <li>"astronomy" search results: (15) <a href="http://aaas.confex.com/aaas/2012/webprogram/start.html#srch=words|astronomy|method|and|pge|1">http://aaas.confex.com/aaas/2012/webprogram/start.html#srch=words|astronomy|method|and|pge|1</a></li> <li>"basic research" search results: (18) <a href="http://aaas.confex.com/aaas/2012/webprogram/start.html#srch=words|%22basic%20research%22|method|and|pge|1">http://aaas.confex.com/aaas/2012/webprogram/start.html#srch=words|%22basic%20research%22|method|and|pge|1</a></li> <li>"biology" search results: (97)<a href="http://aaas.confex.com/aaas/2012/webprogram/start.html#srch=words|biology|method|and|pge|1"> http://aaas.confex.com/aaas/2012/webprogram/start.html#srch=words|biology|method|and|pge|1</a></li> <li>"biotechnology search results: (14) <a href="http://aaas.confex.com/aaas/2012/webprogram/start.html#srch=words|biotechnology|method|and|pge|1">http://aaas.confex.com/aaas/2012/webprogram/start.html#srch=words|biotechnology|method|and|pge|1</a></li> <li>"chemistry" search results: (47)<a href="http://aaas.confex.com/aaas/2012/webprogram/start.html#srch=words%7Cchemistry%7Cmethod%7Cand%7Cpge%7C1" target="_blank"> http://aaas.confex.com/aaas/2012/webprogram/start.html#srch=words|chemistry|method|and|pge|1</a></li> <li>"digital" search results: (26) <a href="http://aaas.confex.com/aaas/2012/webprogram/start.html#srch=words|digital|method|and|pge|1">http://aaas.confex.com/aaas/2012/webprogram/start.html#srch=words|digital|method|and|pge|1</a></li> <li>"engineering" search results: (110)<a href="http://aaas.confex.com/aaas/2012/webprogram/start.html#srch=words%7Cengineering%7Cmethod%7Cand%7Cpge%7C1" target="_blank"> http://aaas.confex.com/aaas/2012/webprogram/start.html#srch=words|engineering|method|and|pge|1</a></li> <li>"environment" search results: (220) <a href="http://aaas.confex.com/aaas/2012/webprogram/start.html#srch=words|environment|method|and|pge|1">http://aaas.confex.com/aaas/2012/webprogram/start.html#srch=words|environment|method|and|pge|1</a></li> <li>"experiment" search results: (69) <a href="http://aaas.confex.com/aaas/2012/webprogram/start.html#srch=words|experiment|method|and|pge|1">http://aaas.confex.com/aaas/2012/webprogram/start.html#srch=words|experiment|method|and|pge|1</a></li> <li>"evolution" search results: (77)<a href="http://aaas.confex.com/aaas/2012/webprogram/start.html#srch=words|evolution|method|and|pge|1"> http://aaas.confex.com/aaas/2012/webprogram/start.html#srch=words|evolution|method|and|pge|1</a></li> <li>"industrial" search results: (27)<a href="http://aaas.confex.com/aaas/2012/webprogram/start.html#srch=words|industrial|method|and|pge|1"> http://aaas.confex.com/aaas/2012/webprogram/start.html#srch=words|industrial|method|and|pge|1</a></li> <li>"math" search results: (11)<a href="http://aaas.confex.com/aaas/2012/webprogram/start.html#srch=words%7Cmath%7Cmethod%7Cand%7Cpge%7C1" target="_blank"> http://aaas.confex.com/aaas/2012/webprogram/start.html#srch=words|math|method|and|pge|1</a> (all outreach related.)</li> <li>"mathematics" search results: (36) <a href="http://aaas.confex.com/aaas/2012/webprogram/start.html#srch=words|mathematics|method|and|pge|1">http://aaas.confex.com/aaas/2012/webprogram/start.html#srch=words|mathematics|method|and|pge|1</a></li> <li>"medicine" search results: (93) <a href="http://aaas.confex.com/aaas/2012/webprogram/start.html#srch=words|medicine|method|and|pge|1">http://aaas.confex.com/aaas/2012/webprogram/start.html#srch=words|medicine|method|and|pge|1</a></li> <li>"NSERC" search results: (3) <a href="http://aaas.confex.com/aaas/2012/webprogram/start.html#srch=words|NSERC|method|and|pge|1">http://aaas.confex.com/aaas/2012/webprogram/start.html#srch=words|NSERC|method|and|pge|1</a></li> <li>"NSF" search results: (27) <a href="http://aaas.confex.com/aaas/2012/webprogram/start.html#srch=words|NSF|method|and|pge|1">http://aaas.confex.com/aaas/2012/webprogram/start.html#srch=words|NSF|method|and|pge|1</a></li> <li>"nanotechnology" search results: (13)<a href="http://aaas.confex.com/aaas/2012/webprogram/start.html#srch=words|nanotechnology|method|and|pge|1"> http://aaas.confex.com/aaas/2012/webprogram/</a><a href="http://aaas.confex.com/aaas/2012/webprogram/start.html#srch=words|nanotechnology|method|and|pge|1">start.html#srch=words|nanotechnology|method|and|pge|1</a></li> <li>"Nobel" search results: (5) <a href="http://aaas.confex.com/aaas/2012/webprogram/start.html#srch=words|nobel|method|and|pge|1">http://aaas.confex.com/aaas/2012/webprogram/start.html#srch=words|nobel|method|and|pge|1</a></li> <li>"online" search results: (39)<a href="http://aaas.confex.com/aaas/2012/webprogram/start.html#srch=words|online|method|and|pge|1"> http://aaas.confex.com/aaas/2012/webprogram/start.html#srch=words|online|method|and|pge|1</a></li> <li>"Ontario" search results: (13) <a href="http://aaas.confex.com/aaas/2012/webprogram/start.html#srch=words|ontario|method|and|pge|1">http://aaas.confex.com/aaas/2012/webprogram/start.html#srch=words|ontario|method|and|pge|1</a></li> <li>"open access" search results: (24): <a href="http://aaas.confex.com/aaas/2012/webprogram/start.html#srch=words|%22open%20access%22|method|and|pge|1">http://aaas.confex.com/aaas/2012/webprogram/start.html#srch=words|%22open%20access%22|method|and|pge|1</a></li> <li>"peer review" search results: (17) <a href="http://aaas.confex.com/aaas/2012/webprogram/start.html#srch=words|%22peer%20review%22|method|and|pge|1">http://aaas.confex.com/aaas/2012/webprogram/start.html#srch=words|%22peer%20review%22|method|and|pge|1</a></li> <li>"philosophy" search results: (14)<a href="http://aaas.confex.com/aaas/2012/webprogram/start.html#srch=words|philosophy|method|and|pge|1"> http://aaas.confex.com/aaas/2012/webprogram/start.html#srch=words|philosophy|method|and|pge|1</a></li> <li>"physics" search 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